cause and effect of the atlantic slave trade quizlet

A high crew mortality rate on the return voyage was in the captain's interests as it reduced the number of sailors who had to be paid on reaching the home port. Middle passage. J.R. Ward, "The British West Indies in the Age of Abolition," in P. J. Marshall, ed. [24], European overseas expansion led to the contact between the Old and New Worlds producing the Columbian exchange, named after the Italian explorer Christopher Columbus. At first, the capture of a few slaves did not cause a stir in Lisbon. But for Danish people and Denmark the day is a dark chapter. [citation needed] In 1870, Portugal ended the last trade route with the Americas, where the last country to import slaves was Brazil. Web. [70] By the 18th century, Portuguese Angola had become again one of the principal sources of the Atlantic slave trade. The first slaves to arrive as part of a labour force in the New World reached the island of Hispaniola (now Haiti and the Dominican Republic) in 1502. "[210], The last known slave ship to land on U.S. soil was the Clotilda, which in 1859 illegally smuggled a number of Africans into the town of Mobile, Alabama. In Fage's article "Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Context of West African History", he notes that for West Africans "there were really few effective means of mobilizing labour for the economic and political needs of the state" without the slave trade. By supplying a seemingly endless source of slave labor to the American colonies, which were full of natural resources, European markets became flooded with raw materials and consumer goods. The Atlantic slave trade affected more than twelve million African slaves and has left a huge imprint on today's society. [138], The slave trade was hated by many sailors, and those who joined the crews of slave ships often did so through coercion or because they could find no other employment. Between 1650 and 1900, 10.2million enslaved Africans arrived in the Americas from the following regions in the following proportions:[108], Although the slave trade was largely global, there was considerable intracontinental slave trade in which 8 million people were enslaved within the African continent. [46] Although initially successful in this venture, "it was not long before African naval forces were alerted to the new dangers, and the Portuguese [raiding] ships began to meet strong and effective resistance", with the crews of several of them being killed by African sailors, whose boats were better equipped at traversing the west African coasts and river systems. Before that, contact with African slave markets was made to ransom Portuguese who had been captured by the intense North African Barbary pirate attacks on Portuguese ships and coastal villages, frequently leaving them depopulated. [239], On 24 August 2007, Ken Livingstone (Mayor of London) apologized publicly for London's role in the slave trade. On 22 February 1807, the work of William Wilberforce was rewarded with victory. Routledge/Taylor & Francis Publishers. Quakers began to campaign against the British Empire's slave trade in the 1780s, and from 1789 William Wilberforce was a driving force in the British Parliament in the fight against the trade. Depopulation and a continuing fear of captivity made economic and agricultural development almost impossible throughout much of western Africa. Popular pressure and the ending of the British slave trade. [81] Sir John Hawkins, considered the pioneer of the English slave trade, was the first to run the triangular trade, making a profit at every stop. This trade led the Khasso into increasing contact with the European settlements of Africa's west coast, particularly the French. everyone wanted slaves. Others have challenged this view. more newspaper, more ideas, more things for navigation, etc. More than 1,200 volunteered to settle and establish the new colony of Freetown, which was established by British abolitionists under the Sierra Leone Company. Historians have widely debated the nature of the relationship between these African kingdoms and the European traders. The Atlantic Slave Trade finally came to an end after four hundred years of existence. The Atlantic slave trade | South African History Online The slave trade had devastating effects in Africa. "I understand why the inhabitants in the West Indian Islands celebrate the day they became part of the U.S. The slave trade was, therefore, a means for some African elites to gain economic advantages. The Transatlantic slave trade brought African slaves to the New World, primarily to do hard physical labor in tropical climates. Additionally, there was the desire to create an alternative trade network to that controlled by the Muslim Ottoman Empire of the Middle East, which was viewed as a commercial, political and religious threat to European Christendom. [169], Eric Williams argued that "A racial twist [was] given to what is basically an economic phenomenon. In particular, European traders wanted to trade for gold, which could be found in western Africa, and also to find a maritime route to "the Indies" (India), where they could trade for luxury goods such as spices without having to obtain these items from Middle Eastern Islamic traders. That is the verdict of our oracle and the priests. The slave trade had devastating effects in Africa. [243] On 18 June 2009, the United States Senate issued an apologetic statement decrying the "fundamental injustice, cruelty, brutality, and inhumanity of slavery". Abolitionist opinion in Britain was strong enough in 1807 to abolish the slave trade in all British possessions, although slavery itself persisted in the colonies until 1833. Q. [131] In other words, over 820,000 people are believed to have died in African ports such as Benguela, Elmina, and Bonny, reducing the number of those shipped to 17.5million.[131]. Investors mitigated it by buying small shares of many ships at the same time. Eltis, David: "The volume and structure of the transatlantic slave trade: a reassessment". This ended the European medieval household tradition of slavery, resulted in Brazil's receiving the most enslaved Africans, and revealed sugar cultivation and processing as the reason that roughly 84% of these Africans were shipped to the New World. Effect: Africans brought their art, music, religion, and food to influence societies. The historian Walter Rodney contends that it was a decline in the profitability of the triangular trades that made it possible for certain basic human sentiments to be asserted at the decision-making level in a number of European countriesBritain being the most crucial because it was the greatest carrier of African captives across the Atlantic. About 10.5 million slaves arrived in the Americas. [145] The first Europeans to use enslaved Africans in the New World were the Spaniards, who sought auxiliaries for their conquest expeditions and labourers on islands such as Cuba and Hispaniola. ", Jerome Reich, "The Slave Trade at the Congress of Vienna A Study in English Public Opinion.". [77] For the last sixteen years of the transatlantic slave trade, Spain was the only transatlantic slave-trading empire. Lord Palmerston and other British foreign ministers continued the Castlereagh policies. How did the slave trade operate? However, each of these works focus primarily on the slave trade or the Industrial Revolution, and not the main body of the Williams thesis, which was on sugar and slavery itself. In 1526, they completed the first transatlantic slave voyage to Brazil, and other Europeans soon followed. [25] It started the global silver trade from the 16th to 18th centuries and led to direct European involvement in the Chinese porcelain trade. David Richardson, "The British Empire and the Atlantic Slave Trade, 16601807," in P. J. Marshall, ed. Early on in the Atlantic slave trade, it was common for the powerful elite West African families to marry off their women to the European traders in alliance, bolstering their syndicate. They include smallpox, malaria, bubonic plague, typhus, influenza, measles, diphtheria, yellow fever, and whooping cough. In essence, mercantilist countries tried to export (sell) as much as . Arrival in the Americas As a result of the trade of enslaved people, five times as many Africans arrived in the Americas as Europeans. Buying and selling of Africans for work in the americas. Lovejoy, Paul E., "The Volume of the Atlantic Slave Trade. By November, the 300 Spanish colonists were reduced to 100, and their slaves from 100 to 70[why?]. [88], It is difficult to reconstruct and generalize how Africans residing in Africa understood the Atlantic slave trade, though there is evidence for some societies that African elites and slave traders had awareness of the conditions of the slaves who were transported to the Americas. [176] Economic historian Stanley Engerman finds that even without subtracting the associated costs of the slave trade (e.g., shipping costs, slave mortality, mortality of British people in Africa, defense costs) or reinvestment of profits back into the slave trade, the total profits from the slave trade and of West Indian plantations amounted to less than 5% of the British economy during any year of the Industrial Revolution. As a result, according to historian Christer Petley, abolitionists argued, and even some absentee plantation owners accepted, that the trade could be abolished "without substantial damage to the plantation economy". [232], President Jerry Rawlings of Ghana apologized for his country's involvement in the slave trade. About 64 survived to establish the second "Province of Freedom" following the failed first attempt at colonization between 1787 and 1789. Causes and results of slavery. The Atlantic slave trade developed after trade contacts were established between the "Old World" (Afro-Eurasia) and the "New World" (the Americas). [238] Blair again apologized on 14 March 2007. The demand for cheap labour was tremendous and the European workers did not survive the conditions on the plantations. On 1 July 2013, at the 150th anniversary of the abolition of slavery in the Dutch West Indies, the Dutch government expressed "deep regret and remorse" for the involvement of the Netherlands in the Atlantic slave trade. [72] Despite the South Sea Bubble the British maintained this position during the 18th century, becoming the biggest shippers of slaves across the Atlantic. Depopulation and a continuing fear of captivity made economic and agricultural development almost impossible throughout much of western Africa. They argue that Africans, or more accurately African elites, deliberately let European traders join in an already large trade in enslaved people and that they were not patronized. The Atlantic Slave Trade had powerful negative impacts on African society: The trading process was brutal to everyone involved, the population decreased and their culture crumbled. The Atlantic slave trade, transatlantic slave trade, or Euro-American slave trade involved the transportation by slave traders of enslaved African people, mainly to the Americas. They say slavery remained profitable in the 1830s because of innovations in agriculture. In many years, not a single Spanish slave voyage set sail from Africa. Some African rulers saw an economic benefit from trading their subjects with European slave traders. The trade ended in 1866, when the last voyage crossed the Atlantic Ocean to Cuba. 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